Apush Period 6 Study Guide

APUSH Period 6 Study Guide: A Comprehensive Overview (1865-1898)

This comprehensive study guide covers APUSH Period 6, spanning from 1865 to 1898 – a period of immense transformation in American history. We will examine Reconstruction, the Gilded Age, westward expansion, industrialization, and the rise of American imperialism, providing you with the essential knowledge and context for success on the AP exam. This guide goes beyond simple facts, delving into the underlying causes and consequences of these pivotal events and analyzing their lasting impact on the United States. Prepare to delve into the complexities of this fascinating era!

I. Reconstruction (1865-1877): Rebuilding a Nation

Reconstruction, the period following the Civil War, aimed to rebuild the South and reintegrate it into the Union. This era witnessed significant debates about the rights of formerly enslaved people, the role of the federal government, and the future of the nation.

A. Presidential and Radical Reconstruction: The approaches to Reconstruction differed drastically. Presidential Reconstruction, under Andrew Johnson, focused on a swift and lenient approach, granting pardons to former Confederates and prioritizing states' rights. Radical Reconstruction, championed by Republicans in Congress, sought to fundamentally reshape the South, including implementing the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. These amendments abolished slavery, granted citizenship to African Americans, and guaranteed voting rights regardless of race.

B. Black Codes and Southern Resistance: Despite the amendments, Southern states enacted Black Codes, restrictive laws designed to limit the freedoms of African Americans and maintain a system of racial hierarchy. This resistance to Reconstruction fueled conflict and ultimately hampered its success.

C. Key Figures and Events: Understanding the key figures and events of this period is crucial. This includes President Abraham Lincoln's vision for Reconstruction, Andrew Johnson's impeachment, the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, and the election of Hiram Revels and others as African-American representatives in Congress. Consider the impact of figures like Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, leaders of Radical Reconstruction.

D. The End of Reconstruction: Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the Compromise of 1877, a controversial deal that effectively removed federal troops from the South. This marked the beginning of the Jim Crow era, characterized by widespread segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans. Analyze the long-term consequences of this compromise and the failure of Reconstruction to achieve its goals of racial equality.

II. The Gilded Age (1870s-1900): Industrialization and Inequality

The Gilded Age was a period of rapid industrial growth, technological innovation, and immense wealth accumulation, but it was also characterized by significant social and economic inequality.

A. Industrialization and its Impact: This era saw the rise of powerful industrialists like Andrew Carnegie (steel), John D. Rockefeller (oil), and J.P. Morgan (finance). Examine the impact of technological advancements like the Bessemer process (steel production), the expansion of railroads, and the development of electricity on the American economy and society. Analyze the rise of laissez-faire economics and its implications.

B. Rise of Big Business and Monopolies: The growth of big business led to the formation of monopolies and trusts, raising concerns about economic power and the potential for exploitation. Understand the strategies employed by industrialists to consolidate their power, including horizontal and vertical integration.

C. Labor Movement and Workers' Rights: The rapid industrialization led to the growth of the labor movement, with workers organizing unions to fight for better wages, working conditions, and rights. Analyze the key events of this period, including the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Haymarket Riot, and the Pullman Strike. Consider the roles of key labor leaders like Samuel Gompers and the influence of different labor philosophies.

D. Immigration and Urbanization: Massive waves of immigration from Europe and Asia transformed American cities, creating vibrant but often overcrowded and impoverished urban environments. Analyze the challenges faced by new immigrants and the social and cultural changes they brought about. Explore the rise of ethnic enclaves and the different immigrant experiences.

E. Political Corruption: The Gilded Age was also marked by political corruption and scandals, particularly at the local and state levels. Analyze the factors contributing to political corruption and its impact on American society.

III. Westward Expansion (1865-1898): Manifest Destiny and its Consequences

Westward expansion continued throughout this period, driven by Manifest Destiny – the belief that the United States was destined to expand its dominion across the North American continent.

A. The Transcontinental Railroad: The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 significantly accelerated westward expansion, connecting the East and West coasts and facilitating trade and migration. Analyze the impact of the railroad on the economy, environment, and Native American populations.

B. Native American Policies and Conflicts: Westward expansion led to numerous conflicts between settlers and Native American tribes. Analyze the different government policies toward Native Americans, including the reservation system and the impact of assimilation policies. Understand the significance of battles like Little Bighorn and Wounded Knee. Explore the perspectives and experiences of various Native American tribes.

C. Homestead Act and Settler Life: The Homestead Act of 1862 offered free land to settlers willing to cultivate it, encouraging westward migration and the development of agriculture in the West. Analyze the challenges faced by homesteaders and the impact of westward expansion on the environment.

D. Farming and Agriculture in the West: The development of new farming techniques and technologies transformed agriculture in the West, leading to increased productivity but also contributing to environmental challenges like soil depletion and water scarcity.

IV. Rise of American Imperialism (1890s): Expanding Influence Abroad

By the late 19th century, the United States began to assert its influence on the world stage, embracing imperialism and expanding its territory and power beyond its borders.

A. Factors Contributing to Imperialism: Analyze the various factors that contributed to the rise of American imperialism, including economic interests, strategic concerns, and a sense of national pride and destiny. Consider the influence of social Darwinism and other ideologies.

B. Spanish-American War (1898): The Spanish-American War was a pivotal event in the expansion of American power. Analyze the causes and consequences of the war, including the acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Examine the role of yellow journalism and public opinion in shaping the war.

C. Anti-Imperialist Movement: Not all Americans supported imperialism. Analyze the arguments of the anti-imperialist movement and their opposition to overseas expansion.

D. The Philippines and the Debate Over Colonialism: The acquisition of the Philippines sparked a significant debate about the morality and practicality of American colonialism. Analyze the challenges faced by the United States in governing the Philippines and the long-term consequences of American imperialism in the region.

V. Cultural and Intellectual Developments

Alongside political and economic changes, significant cultural and intellectual developments shaped the era.

A. Rise of Populism: Analyze the Populist movement, its goals, and its impact on American politics. Consider its agrarian roots and its attempt to address economic inequality.

B. Progressive Era Beginnings: While officially part of the next period, the seeds of the Progressive Era were sown during this time. Identify early signs of progressive reform movements, such as efforts to address social and economic issues.

C. Literature and Art: Explore the major literary and artistic movements of the era, reflecting the changing social and cultural landscape.

VI. Conclusion: Legacy of Period 6

Period 6 in APUSH marks a crucial turning point in American history. The legacy of Reconstruction, the Gilded Age, westward expansion, and the rise of American imperialism continue to shape the United States today. Understanding this period is essential for grasping the complexities of American identity, politics, and foreign policy. Consider the following questions for further reflection:

• How did Reconstruction fail to achieve its goals of racial equality?
• What were the long-term consequences of the Gilded Age’s economic inequalities?
• What is the enduring legacy of westward expansion and its impact on Native American populations?
• How did American imperialism shape the nation's role on the world stage?
• What are the continuing debates surrounding these historical events?

VII. FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What are the most important themes of APUSH Period 6?

A: The most important themes are Reconstruction, industrialization, westward expansion, immigration, the rise of big business, the labor movement, and the emergence of American imperialism. Understanding the interconnectedness of these themes is crucial.

Q: How can I best prepare for the APUSH exam on Period 6?

A: Thorough reading of your textbook and supplementary materials is essential. Practice using primary and secondary sources to analyze historical events and develop well-supported arguments. Practice essay writing, focusing on clear thesis statements, strong evidence, and contextualization. Use practice exams to assess your understanding and identify areas needing improvement.

Q: What are some key primary sources I should be familiar with?

A: Explore primary sources like Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth,” Frederick Douglass' writings on Reconstruction, speeches by labor leaders, government documents related to Native American policy, and accounts from immigrants.

Q: How do I connect the events of this period to later periods in American history?

A: Consider the long-term impacts of Reconstruction on race relations, the influence of the Gilded Age on Progressive Era reforms, the consequences of westward expansion on environmental policy, and the continuing legacy of American imperialism in international relations.

This comprehensive study guide provides a solid foundation for understanding APUSH Period 6. Remember that active engagement with the material, thoughtful analysis, and consistent practice are key to achieving success on the AP exam. Good luck!